Friday, October 2, 2015

Tenses

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Tenses is a term used in grammar. It shows the time of the action or event. It changes in the form of verb.
Tense is divided into three classes. They are
Tenses అను పదంను వ్యాకరణం (grammar) లో ఉపయోగిస్తాం.ఇది ఒక సమయములో జరిగిన చర్యను లేదా పనిని తెలియజేస్తుంది.
ఇది క్రియ యొక్క రూపాన్ని మారుస్తుంది.
Tenses ను మూడు రకాలుగా విభజించవచ్చును. అవి
1)  Present Tense   వర్తమాన కాలం (ప్రస్తుత కాలం)
2)  Past Tense  భూత కాలం (గత / గడచిన కాలం)
3)  Future Tense  భవిష్యత్ కాలం (జరగబోయే కాలం)

Each of these has four forms. They are Simple , Continuous , Perfect , Perfect Continuous.


Simple Present Tense                  Simple Past Tense                   Simple Future Tense
Present Continuous                     Past Continuous                      Future Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense                  Past Perfect Tense                  Future Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous        Past Perfect Continuous         Future Perfect Continuous

Simple Present Tense :  It is used to show the present time or action or event.
ప్రస్తుతం జరిగిన చర్యను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :               Subject   +  Verb1   + Object

Examples :        I / WE / They / You    +  drink   +  milk
                                 He / She / It           +   drink   +  milk

Interrogative Sentence :   Do / Does   +           Subject          +    Verb1  +   Object

Examples :                               Do       +  I / We / They / You  +   drink   +    milk
                                                  Does    +       He  / She / It        +   drink   +    milk


Use of Simple present Tense :

The simple present tense is used to express :

A) Habitual Actions
అలవాటుగా చేసే చర్యలను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

We eat rice
He gets up at four
The boys play in the evenings

B) Universal Truth
విశ్వసత్యాలను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

Summer is hot
The earth moves round the sun
The starts shine brightly

C) In conditional statements
conditional statements ను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం
Examples :

If I see Ravi I will ask her the question
If you go now you can catch the train

The following adverbs can be used with simple present tense.

Usually , always , every day , regularly , nowadays , occasionally , every time , daily .

Certain verbs are used in the simple present tense.

Verbs of perception :  see , hear , smell , taste , recognize .

A)  Verbs of expressing feelings and emotions : love , like , hate , dislike , desire , fear , detest , wish , want , value , mind.
B)  Verbs of mental activity : know , understand , remember , recollect , believe , expect.
C)  Verbs of possessions : own , possess , belong.

Present Continuous Tense :  It is used to express an action his going on at the time of speaking in the present.
ప్రస్తుత సమయంలో కొనసాగుతున్న చర్యను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :       Subject       +    Am / Is / Are  + Verb1 + ing   + Object

Examples :                          I              +             am          +  drinking       +  milk
                             We / They / You    +             are          +  drinking       +  milk
                                He / She / It         +              is           +  drinking        +  milk

Interrogative Sentence :    Am / Is / Are  +         Subject       +  Verb1 + ing  + Object

Examples :                                        Am    +            I               +     drinking     +  milk
                                                        Is         +     He / She / It     +    drinking     +  milk
                                                        Are      + We / They / You  +    drinking     +  milk

The following adverbs or adverb phrase or indicate words can be used with present continuous tense.

At present , at this hour , listen , look! , see! , presently , at this moment , now .

Use of Present Continuous Tense :

A)  for an action going on at the time of speaking
ప్రస్తుతం కొనసాగుతున్న చర్యను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

She is dancing
The old man is crossing the road

B)  For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking
ప్రస్తుతం కొనసాగుతున్నప్పటికి, తాత్కాలికంగా కొనసాగుతున్న చర్యను తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :  I am reading War and Peace

C)  For an action that has already been arranged been arranged to take place in the near future
సమీప భవిష్యత్తులో ఒక పనిని ముందే నిర్ణయించుకున్నప్పుడు దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

I am going to the film to night
The P.M is arriving tomorrow

The following verbs , on account of their meaning are not normally used in the continuous form.
ఈ క్రింది క్రియలను సాధారణంగా continuous లో ఉపయోగించము

Verbs of Perception :
Ex : see , hear , smell , notice , recognize.

Verbs of appearing :
Ex : appear , look , seem.

Verbs of emotion :
Ex : want , wish , desire , feel , like , love , hate , hope , refuse , prefer.

Verbs of thinking :
Ex : think , suppose , believe , agree , consider , trust , remember , forget , know , understand , imagine , mean , mind .

Have (possess) , own , possess , belong to , contain , consist of.

Ex:   I am thinking you are wrong ( wrong )   I think you are wrong (right)

Present Perfect Tense : It is used to show complete activities inn the immediate past.

Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :             Subject          +  Have / Has     + Verb3   + Object

Examples :              I / We / They / You    +        have           +  drunk  + milk
                                          He / She / It        +        has             +  drunk  + milk

Interrogative Sentence :  Have/ Has   +               Subject      +  Verb3    +  Object

Examples :                           Have     + I / We / They / You +  drunk    + milk                               
                                                Has      +       He / She / It       +  drunk    + milk

The following adverbs or adverb phrase or indicate words can be used with present continuous.

Just , ever , by now , just before , so far , till now , already , lately .

Use of Present Perfect Tense :

A)  To indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just)
ఇంతకు ముందే పూర్తి అయిన చర్యలను సూచించేందుకు దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

He has just completed his lunch
She has completed her drawing just now

B)  To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite
సమయాన్ని తెలయజేయకూడ, గతంలో జరిగిన పనులను సూచించేందుకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

I have read books
I have never known him to be sad
Mr. Ravi has gone to Lodon

C)  To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action it self
గతంలోని చర్యలు (సంఘటనలు) ప్రస్తుతం ప్రభావం చూపుతున్నట్లేతే దానిని తెలుపుటకు ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
D)  To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment
గతంలో ప్రారంభమై, ప్రస్తుత క్షణంలో కూడా కొనసాగుతునట్లేతే దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Examples :

I have known him for a long time
He has been ill since last week

Present Perfect Continuous Tense : It is used for an action which begins at some in he past and is still continuing at the time speaking the present.
గతంలో ప్రారంభమై, ప్రస్తుతం కూడా కొనసాగుతునట్లేతే దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :           Subject   +  Have / Has + Been +  Verb1 + ing  +  Object

Examples :          I / We / They / You +         have    +  been  +      drinking   +  milk
                                       He / She / It    +         has      +  been  +      drinking   +  milk

Interrogative Sentence   :      Have / Has   +            Subject            +  Been   + Verb1 + ing   +  Object

Examples :                                     Have      +  I / We / They / You  +  been   + drinking         + milk
                                                          Has       +          He / She / It      +  been   + drinking         + milk

Simple Past Tense :  It is used to indicate an action completed in the past at a definite time.
గతంలో పూర్తి అయిపోయిన చర్యలను సూచించేందుకు దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

 Assertive Sentence :                           Subject          +     Verb2   +   Object

Examples :       I / WE / They / You / He / She / It    +     drank   +   milk

Interrogative Sentence :    Did      +                     Subject                        +   Verb1   +  Object

Examples :                        Did        +  I / We / They / You / He / She / It +   drink    +    milk

Past Continuous Tense :  An action was going on at the time of speaking in the past.
గతంలో ఒకానొక సమయంలో కొనసాగిన చర్యను సూచించేందుకు దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :  Subject       +  Was / Were  + Verb1+ing    + Object

Examples :          I / He / She / It  +         was         +     drinking   + milk
                           We / They / You  +       were        +      drinking  + milk

Interrogative Sentence : Was / Were        +   Subject      +  Verb1+ing  + Object

Examples :                                      Was     +  I / He / She / It  + drinking  + milk
                                                         Were   + We / They / You + drinking  + milk

 Past Perfect Tense :  It is used to show that an action had completed earlier before another action in the past.
గతంలో ఒక సమయానికి కంటే ముందే పూర్తి అయిన చర్యను సూచించేందుకు దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :               Subject                       +   Had  +  Verb3   + Object

Examples :        I / We / They / You / He / She / It   +  had   +  drunk  + milk  

Interrogative Sentence :  Had  +                      Subject                      +     Verb3   +  Object

Examples :                           Had  + I / We / They / You / He / She / It  +   drunk    +  milk

Past Perfect Continuous Tense :  It used to show that an action had been in progress up to another action begin in the past.
గతంలో ఒక నిర్ణీత సమయానికి ముందుగా ఒక చర్య ప్రారంభమయ్యి, ఆ నిర్ణీత సమయం వరకూ కొనసాగినటట్లేతే దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense

Assertive Sentence :                      Subject                   +  Had + Been + verb1 + ing + Object

Examples :         I / We / They / You / He / She / It     +  had + been + drinking       +  milk

Interrogative Sentence :Had  +             Subject                               + Been    +    Verb1 + ing      +  Object

Examples :                           Had + I / We / They / You / He / She / It + been    +        drinking       + milk


Simple Future Tense :  is used to show that some action will take place in future.
భవిష్యత్తులో ఏదైనా ఒక చర్య జరుగుతుంది అన్నితెలిపే సందర్భములో ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

 Assertive Sentence :         Subject          +  Shall / Will  +  Verb1 + Object

Examples :                         I / We            +         shall      +  drink  + milk
                       They / You / He / She / It  +         will       +  drink   + milk

Interrogative Sentence :          Shall / will   +                  Subject               + Verb1 + Object

Examples :                                    Shall        +                    I / We                + drink  + milk
                                                       Will         +  They / You / He / She / It   + drink  + milk

Future Continuous Tense :  is used to show that some action will be in progress in future.
భవిష్యత్తులో ఒక నిర్ణీత సమయానికి కొనసాగుతూ ఉండబోయే చర్యల గురించి చేప్పె సందర్భములో ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

 Assertive Sentence :       Subject          +  Shall / Will  + Be  + Verb1 + ing   + Object

Examples :                           I / We        +          shall      +  be  +    drinking   + milk
                      They / You / He / She / It +          will       +  be  +    drinking   + milk

Interrogative Sentence :   Shall / Will   +               Subject                   +  Be + Verb1 + ing + Object

Examples :                             Shall          +               I / We                     +  be  +     drinking  + milk
                                                Will           + They / You / He / She / It    +  be  +     drinking  + milk

Future Perfect Tense :  is used to show that some action will have finished in future.
భవిష్యత్తులో ఒకానొక సమయానికి పూర్తవబోయే పనులను తెలుపు సందర్భములో ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

Assertive Sentence :        Subject            +    Shall / Will  + Have + Verb3 + Object

Examples :                          I / We           +         shall        +  have  + drunk  + milk
                        They / You / He / She / It +        will          +  have  +  drunk + milk

Interrogative Sentence :  Shall / Will  +                  Subject               +    Have +  Verb3   + Object

Examples :                              Shall      +                   I / We                +   have    +  drunk  + milk
                                                 Will        + They / You / He / She / It  +   have   + drunk    + milk 

Future Perfect Continuous Tense :  is used to show that some action will have been in progress.
భవిష్యత్తులో ఒక కాల వ్యవధిలో కొనసాగూతూ భవిష్యత్తులో పూర్తివబోయే పనులను సూచించేదుకు దీనిని ఉపయోగిస్తాం.
Formation of the tense :

 Assertive Sentence :     Subject              +  Shall / Will + Have + Been + Verb + ing + Object

Examples :                        I / We             +        shall      +  have + been  +   drinking  +  milk
                      They / You / He / She / It  +         will       +  have + been  +   drinking  +  milk

Interrogative Sentence :     Shall / Will  +                       Subject         +  Have + Been   + Verb1 + ing + Object

Examples :                                Shall       +                       I / We           +   have  +  been  +   drinking    + milk
                                                   Will         + They / You / He / She / It +   have  + been  +    drinking    + milk






Tenses Table
















































V1 = verb in Present Tense  = write
V2 = verb in Past Tense    = wrote
V3 = verb in Past Participle = written
V4 = verb+ing = write + ing


Primary Auxiliaries : AM , IS , ARE , WAS , WARE , DO , DOES , DID , HAVE , HAS , HAD

Modal Auxiliaries : CAN , COULD , MAY—MIGHT , WILL-WOULD , SHALL—SHOULD , MUST , NEEDMDARE,OUGHT(TO) , USED(TO)

























































































































TENSE
SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS

S+(H.V)+V1+O
S+AM/ARE/IS+V+ing(V4) +O
S+HAVE/HAS+V3(P.P)+O
S+Have been/Has been+V1+ing(V4)+O
PRESENT
I +Write+a book
He/she/it+writes+a book
I am writing a book
He is writing a book
We are writing a book
I+have+written+a book
He+has+written+a book
I+have+been+writing+a book
He+has been+writing+a book

I/we/you/they - do
He/she/it — does
I—am he/she/it—is
We/you/they—are
I,we,you,they —have
He/she/it —has
I,we,you,they -  have+been
He/she/it—has+been

S+v2/did + v1+ O
S+was/were+v+ing(v4)+o
S+had+v3(PP)+o
S + Had been + V1 + ing + O
PAST
I+wrote+a book
He,she,it+wrote+a book
I was writing a book
They were writing a book
I+had+written+a book
He+had+written+a book
I+had been+writing+a book
He+had been+writing+a book

I,we,you,they,he,she,it-did
I,he,she,it –was
We,you,they  - were
I,we,you,they,he,she,it—had
I,we,you,they,he,she,it—had+been

S+will/shall+v+o
S + Shall be / Will be + V1 + ing + O
S + Will have / Shall have + V3 + O
S + Will have been / Shall have been + V1 + ing + O
FUTURE
I+shall+write+a book
He/she/it+will+write+a book
I+shall be+writing+a book
He+will be+writing+a book
I+shall have+written a book
She+will have+written a book
I+shall have been writing a book
He+will have been writing a book

I,we—shall
You,he,she,it — will
I,we —shall+be
You,he,she,it — will+be
I,we  — shall +have
You,he,she,it— will +have
I,we — shall + have +been
You,he,she,it - will+have+been













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